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The therapeutic potential of peptides stems from their natural occurrence in biological systems, where they serve as hormones, neurotransmitters, and signaling molecules

However, kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), impose a substantial burden on global healthcare systems due to their high mortality rates and the limited treatment options ( In recent years, the role of post-translation modification (PTM) in renal diseases has received widespread attention

For long-term therapy, monitor liver and kidney function tests

Specifically, BPC-157 seems to directly impact signaling via vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and via pathways regulating nitric oxide

For instance, cytosolic ALDH1L1 mainly regulates reduced synthesis, while mitochondrial ALDH1L2 produces NADPH to attenuate oxidative stress

The NAC dosage and treatment regimen associated with this case report is questionable