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Selenium deficiency can promote the expression of VEGF and inflammatory factors in cartilage differentiation and mediates cartilage injury

Low levels of B12 can lead to nerve damage, as the vitamin is essential to producing myelin, which protects nerve cells from damage

The canonical pathway of ADO production starts from extracellular ATP, which is first hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and then to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase-1/CD39) or directly by the low-affinity nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP/CD203a)

Metabolic signaling pathways

[7] Clinicians should exercise extreme caution in advanced chronic kidney disease or sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and other granulomatous disorders where extrarenal 1-hydroxylase activity can generate excess calcitriol and precipitate hypercalcaemia even at modest serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences