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Acknowledgements We are thankful to the anonymous reviewers who helped improve this paper

Six mice were randomly divided into 2 groups and injected into the tail vein with Ru(II)-OH and NP4, respectively, and 10 L of blood was collected from the tail tip at 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h

These findings underscore the importance of mitochondrial health in disc homeostasis and provide novel insights into precise strategies for treating age-related degenerative spinal diseases

Luciferase activity was measured with the Dual Luciferase Assay System (Beyotime, Shanghai, China)

The efficacy of ferroptosis inhibitors (e.g., GPX4 activators) or natural compounds in models of advanced DN (with established glomerular/tubulointerstitial damage) remains untestedwhether these interventions can reverse existing injury or only delay progression is unknown

Magnesium citrate - plays a dual role in kidney health by supporting detoxification, maintaining acid-base balance, and fueling ATP production in mitochondria Potassium bicarbonate - Potassium bicarbonate plays a crucial role in alkalizing the body, supporting kidney detox, and maintaining electrolyte balance