By facilitating proper protein folding, stabilizing protein conformations, and limiting proteotoxic stress, HSPs play essential protective roles in metabolically active tissues
Catechin gallates are NADP+-competitive inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and other enzymes that employ NADP+ as a coenzyme
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Abbreviations ROS: Reactive oxygen species CNS: Central nervous system AD: Alzheimers disease PD: Parkinson's Disease HD: Huntington's disease ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 Keap 1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 CNS: Central nervous system bZIP: Basic leucine zipper ARE: Antioxidant response elements HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B PKC: Protein kinase C NSC: Neural stem cell LTP: Long-term potentiation MRP: Multidrug resistance-associated proteins A: Amyloid beta mHTT: Mutant huntingtin MDD: Major depressive disorder GCL: Glutamate cysteine ligase CUMS: Chronic unpredictable mild stress PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder BBB: Blood-brain barrier DMF: Dimethyl fumarate MS: Multiple sclerosis AAV: Adeno-associated virus 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxydopamine GSH: Glutathione CAT: Catalse GSK: Glycogen synthase kinase References Di Domenico F, Lanzillotta C, Perluigi M (2024) Redox imbalance and metabolic defects in the context of Alzheimer disease

Figure 1 Figure 2 With respect to immune regulation, flavonoids exhibit substantial regulatory effects on both innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (T cells and B cells), highlighting their therapeutic relevance in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases