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Genome-wide microarray studies report that GHK modulates expression of roughly 4,000 human genes, with consistent up-regulation of DNA-repair, antioxidant-defence and extracellular-matrix genes and down-regulation of inflammatory and metastasis-associated genes

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doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1749906 Received 19 November 2025 Revised 07 January 2026 Accepted 16 January 2026 Published 09 February 2026 Volume 17 - 2026 Edited by Marcia Hiriart, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Reviewed by Marcelo Adrian Estrin, Interamerican Open University, Argentina Zhenmin Li, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China Ramadan Hussein, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia Updates Copyright 2026 Ullah, Chen, Zhang and Shen

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