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doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864 180 YangL.LiuY.WuH.SongZ.HibyN.MolinS.et al

However, the true advantage of ALCAR is not its absolute plasma concentration, but its lipophilicity

European Heart Journal, 38 , 814824

doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(90)90147-O

TMAO has also been shown to induce inflammatory markers in mice and in human aortic endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells owing to activation of MAPK, extracellular signal kinase, and NF-B signaling cascade, along with promoting the recruitment of activated leukocytes to endothelial cells

Activation of TLR3 either directly leads to NF-B activation and upregulation of NF-B-responsive proteins such as CXCL8/IL8, or trigger TRIF activation that ultimately stimulates, independently of MyD88, the IRF3 transcription factor through TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), followed by the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines