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AI models can also incorporate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters to predict nanoparticle absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), helping identify potential toxicities early in development [232]

Liu G, Liu G, Cui X, Xu Y

& Han, C

Biswas, A., Shukla, A

Hadjimbei E, Botsaris G, Chrysostomou S

Energy Balance and Body Weight Research Comprehensive research applications investigating energy balance regulation: Appetite and Satiety Research: Central Appetite Pathways: Investigation of hypothalamic nuclei (ARC, PVN, VMH, LH) in appetite regulation Brainstem Satiety Centers: Area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius pathway research Neuropeptide Modulation: Studies on NPY, AgRP, POMC, CART expression and signaling Meal Size and Frequency: Research on feeding behavior patterns and meal microstructure Food Preference: Investigation of macronutrient preference and food choice behaviors Reward Pathway Research: Studies on mesolimbic dopamine system and hedonic feeding Energy Expenditure Studies: Basal Metabolic Rate: Investigation of resting energy expenditure changes Thermogenesis Research: Brown adipose tissue activation and adaptive thermogenesis studies Physical Activity: Investigation of voluntary activity levels and movement patterns Respiratory Exchange Ratio: Studies on fuel utilization (carbohydrate vs