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2 L-serine and metabolic regulation 2.1 L-serine forms a complex metabolic network As a glycogenic amino acid, L-serine has various sources, such as an external diet, intracellular synthesis (from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate and glycine), and cleavage of proteins and phospholipids in vivo ( in situ ( de novo synthesis, L-serine is converted from 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG), an intermediate of glycolysis, through a three-step enzymatic reaction, in which 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is the first rate-limiting enzyme ( Figure 1a ) ( Figure 1b ) ( Figure 1 Therefore, L-serine is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of many substances, and the metabolism of L-serine includes the synthesis of amino acids, phospholipids, and proteins ( Figure 1c ) ( Figure 1d ) ( Figure 1
Taken together, data in Figure 3 suggest that SLC7A11 was downregulated in the vascular endothelium in patients with CAD as well as mice with experimental atherosclerosis, thus increasing glutamate level but decreasing cystine level in the circulation
Importantly, recent findings indicate that FSP1 KO and small-molecule inhibition are sufficient to restrict tumor growth in xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models 16,19,23,24,25,26,27,28,29
The benefits of glutathione include its ability to combat oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and contribute to overall cellular health
The human GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide: Absence of histopathological effects on the pancreas in nonhuman primates
