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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 82.Schwenk W.F., Hale D.E., Haymond M.W

Endogenous biosynthesis Humans can synthesize L-carnitine from the amino acids lysine and methionine in a multi-step process occurring across several cell compartments (cytosol, lysosomes, and mitochondria) (reviewed in 6)

L-carnitine serves an important role in energy production and metabolism by importing a substance called acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) into the mitochondria (power bank of the cells)

The Koeth findings established a biologically plausible mechanism and a population association, but the human cardiovascular evidence on supplemental L-carnitine is mixed some carnitine trials report neutral or even favorable cardiovascular markers, particularly in cardiac and metabolic patient populations

The above experiments in vivo and in vitro have confirmed that TMAO can cause inflammation of endothelial cells, and similar results can be observed in humans

All study participants and their guardians provided informed written consent, and the clinical criteria of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised were applied to assess the symptoms of autism