l carnitine for valproic acid overdose Intoxication Full article: Carnitine in the

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Based on the evidence that heat-shock proteins (Hsps) can exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-related injury and that nutritional antioxidants are able to upregulate Hsps in neurons, use of nutritional antioxidants such as carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine has been advocated to counteract the oxidative stress-induced brain damage in Alzheimer's disease [67, 119]

however, if there is no effect on muscle cramps once the maximal effective dose for pain is reached, add-on medications for the cramps should be considered

10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00075-6 McNamara JO: Drugs effective in the therapy of the epilepsies

2.2.1 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction METH significantly increases the production of ROS and reactive nitrogen species, overwhelming antioxidant defenses in neurons

Carnitine also serves a critical buffering function by accepting excess acyl groups that accumulate during periods of high metabolic flux (intense exercise, fasting)