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Increased glycolytic flux feeds its branching biosynthetic pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for production of ribose and cytosolic NADPH, which sustain nucleotide synthesis and antioxidant activity, respectively, as well as one-carbon metabolism for mitochondrial NADPH production and nucleotide synthesis

While not directly targeting A1 astrocytes, it may indirectly suppress their activity through neuroinflammation regulation

Altered PKA signaling can disrupt cellular processes associated with dopamine release and neuroplasticity, leading to PD progression

Intein-based biosensors have been developed to detect protein-protein interactions, changes in DNA methylation patterns, protein trafficking, small molecules, protease activity and redox state of the cell

Glucagon is a hormone secreted by -cells of the pancreas, which increase the glucose blood level during hypoglycemia

Conclusions and hypothesis In summary, current available data indicate that Gpx4 gene is subjected to a complex transcriptional regulation that renders nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial isoforms, but also generate an intron-retaining variant, likely corresponding to a CIRT, all derived from the same gene