Abstract Background: Although oxidative stress is known to contribute to cancer, and endogenous and exogenous antioxidants are thought to prevent tumorigenesis by suppressing oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, antioxidants have also been reported to show negative effects on tumor formation, necessitating characterization of the causal associations between antioxidants and cancer risk
2.1 Cell cycle blockade Tumor-associated cell cycle defects are often driven by dysregulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) ( 2.2 Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway JAK-STAT pathway plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including tumor cell recognition and tumor-driven immune evasion ( 2.3 The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a critical role in tumor development and metastasis ( 2.4 The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway NF-B is a crucial regulator of tumor cell apoptosis, as well as tumor angiogenesis and invasion ( 3 Induction of tumor cell apoptosis after PA intervention Tumor cell apoptosis is a crucial process involving the programmed death of tumor cells under both physiological and pathological conditions, playing a significant role in tumor occurrence and development ( 3.1 Tumor suppressor protein p53 The p53 protein is a critical tumor suppressor, and its functional loss is often a prerequisite for the development of cancer ( 3.2 B cell lymphoma-2 protein family The high activation of Bcl-2, which exhibits anti-apoptotic effects, has been associated with the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of cancer ( 3.3 The endoplasmic reticulum ER plays a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis ( 3.4 Reactive oxygen species ROS are highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules with a short lifespan, and they play a significant role in inducing DNA damage and affecting the DNA damage response
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Progression of disease is followed by an increase in redox disbalance
This selective approach makes them the most suitable candidate for heavy metal removal from contaminated wastewaters
