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doi:10.1196/annals.1320.003

For sports nutrition brands, functional beverage developers, and private-label supplement teams, taurine and L-carnitine are not simply energy ingredients. Taurine supports cell-volume regulation, calcium signaling, bile-acid conjugation, and oxidative-stress control, while L-carnitine functions as a mitochondrial shuttle that helps transport long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production

Choline chloride Cautionary note Do not use as a substitute for a balanced and varied diet

Li JM, Li LY, Qin X, Ning LJ, Lu DL, Li DL, Zhang ML, Wang X, Du ZY (2017) Systemic regulation of l-carnitine in nutritional metabolism in zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

A further five studies measured the effect of acute supplementation with l-C on high-intensity performance variables [16,24,31,32,35]

The resulting supernatant was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, VWR Hitachi, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) coupled with mass spectrometry (3200 Q Trap, AB Sciex, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA) to quantify the target compounds