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Furthermore, the OA-associated acidic microenvironments (pH 6.67.2) promote M1 macrophage polarization through altered glucose metabolism, thereby augmenting their pro-inflammatory activity [11]

Metabolites were identified based on the instruments resolution settings and RT, referenced against an in-house library of chemical standards

The homocysteine-inducible, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducible, ubiquitin-like domain member 2 (HERPUD1) in cultured HELA cells facilitate cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress by suppressing the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and reducing the transfer of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria [41]

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can originate from environmental factors like pollution and toxins, as well as natural processes such as metabolism

Inflammopharmacology 11:293298 Majid A (2018) The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Nigella sativa

Structures of compounds discussed in this section are shown in Figure 9A