1 Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex medical condition that impacts the entire synovial joint system, particularly the hip, hand, and knee joints ( Despite the limited therapeutic options available, OA remains a challenging disease due to the incomplete understanding of the molecular processes and pathways involved in the disease, as well as the inherent regenerative limitations of cartilage ( In OA, biomechanical changes occur within the cartilage and chondrocytes, including cartilage degeneration, mechanical loading, and alteration in the cartilage matrix ( OA is characterized by major metabolic modifications in chondrocytes, including substantial increases in their anabolic activity ( Metabolic syndromes, including obesity, impact the cellular metabolism of joint tissue cells, particularly chondrocytes ( glucose transports (GLUTs) and multiple enzymes playing a role in the diseases development ( GLUT/SLC2A glucose transporters during glycolysis ( GLUT1 is considered insulin-insensitive and responsible for basal glucose uptake
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No published stability studies: Despite extensive searching, no peer-reviewed research was identified that specifically documents degradation when these three peptides are combined
* Correspondence: Dagmara Lisman, [email protected] Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
Notably, intranasal administration of human BMSCs also demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in an LPS-induced ALI mouse model, an effect mediated by the STC2 protein via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway [95]
2012;8:e1002579
