Bringing this back to homocysteine, it is known that when homocysteine is elevated in the blood, its precursor, S-adenosylhomocysteine, is elevated intracellularly
Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the most common vascular disease and the dominant pathological basis of various cardiovascular diseases, and is characterized by lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrous tissue proliferation
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Although the liver is also the principal source of circulating IGFBP-3 and ALS, other tissues have been proposed to produce these factors [48,49]
Demographics of the participants are summarized in Supplementary Table 1
Abbreviations AA: Arachidonic acid ATF6: Activating transcription factor-6 CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein CIH: Chronic intermittent hypoxia CVD: Cardiovascular disease CYPs: Cytochromes P450 DG: Diacylglycerol DGATs: Diacylglycerol acyltransferases DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid DNL: De novo lipogenesis DPA: Docosapentaenoic acid EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid ER: Endoplasmic reticulum FAO: Fatty acid oxidation FAT/CD36: Fatty acid translocase FATPs: Fatty acid transport proteins FFAs: Free fatty acids GPL: Glycerophospholipid GRP78: Glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-binding protein GSDMD: Gasdermin D HIFs: Hypoxia-inducible factors IR: Insulin resistance IRE1: Inositol-requiring kinase 1 JNKs: c-Jun N-terminal kinases LAL: Lysosomal acid lipase LDL: Low-density lipoprotein LPL: Lipoprotein lipase LPS: Lipopolysaccharides LyPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine MAFLD: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease MLKL: Mixed lineage kinase domain-like NAFL: Non-alcoholic fatty liver NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NLRP3: NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 OSAS: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome PC: Phosphatidylcholine PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine PERK: Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase PI: Phosphatidylinositol PUMA: p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis RIP: Receptor-interacting protein ROS: Reactive oxygen species SREBPs: Sterol regulatory element binding proteins SERCA2: Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase 2 TGs: Triglycerides TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand UPR: Unfolded protein response VLDL: Very-low-density-lipoprotein WAT: White adipose tissue References Eslam M, et al
