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10.1080/21655979.2021.2022262 21 GuoJ.XueH.ZhongH.SunW.ZhaoS.MengJ.et al (2022)

Understanding bioavailability explains why injectable doses are measured in milligrams while topical concentrations use percentages

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Later on, SIRT1 had been observed to control cell-cycle progression, gene expression, and DNA stability by targeting histone and non-histone proteins

Furthermore, their small size allows for easy synthesis and modification, facilitating their incorporation into drug-delivery systems or peptide-based therapeutics

In sum, p53 induces apoptosis directly by triggering the development of oxidative stress or indirectly through activation of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene which stimulates cytochrome c (cyto c) and caspase-9 with subsequent activation of caspase 3 leading to apoptosis