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1 Introduction Cancer persists as the second leading cause of global mortality, with epidemiological projections estimating 19.97 million new cases and 9.74 million deaths in 2024 ( Nutraceuticals have emerged as compelling candidates in translational oncology, leveraging their dual capacity to potentiate anticancer effects while mitigating treatment-related toxicity ( 2 O 2 )-mediated responses, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, iron-regulated epigenetic reprogramming, anti-apoptotic protein B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) inhibition, Bax (Bcl-2 associated X protein, a well-known pro-apoptotic mediator) activation, mitochondrial hyperpolarization induction, the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP, a known apoptotic indicator) and caspases, mainly caspases 3 and 7 as well as targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ( HIF- ) ( The therapeutic application of VC in oncology has been plagued by persistent controversies, particularly regarding dose-response relationships and administration route efficacy

54,55 Moreover, methylation loss at specific sites in tumor cell genomes, particularly in oncogene promoter regions, and extensive demethylation in DNA repeat sequences, undermines chromosome stability, facilitating tumor development
Preparation of steroidal hormones with an emphasis on transformations of phytosterols and cholesterola review
For example, ALC provides mitochondrial support and conserves growth factor receptors [44]
Grx2 is lacking in BAT mitochondria, whereas Trx2 has slightly greater expression to most likely compensate for the lack of Grx2 [45]