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These include genetic, oxidative stress, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, neural, apoptotic, molecular adhesion disorder and multifactorial mechanisms [1]

This is also consistent with the emerging role of NRF2 in promoting stem cell properties in cancer cells [57]

Phase 3, Remodeling (Weeks 3-8): Both peptides contribute to extracellular matrix reorganization, reducing scar formation and improving the mechanical quality of repaired tissue

aeruginosa by targeting PBP3, Pseudomonas -derived cephalosporinase (PDC), and MurA (Winkler et al., 2015)

Adenosine can be efficiently taken up into astrocytes by nucleoside transporters [237], subsequently be phosphorylated by adenosine kinase [38, 238], or deaminated to inosine by adenosine deaminase [239] (Fig

Therefore, the increase in ATP production and mitochondrial antioxidant defense, as well as the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in the kidney, are considered therapeutic targets for oxidative stress-related renal injury [8,9,10]