l-carnitine tmao nature medicine 2013 koeth Innovative carnitine-fed rats model reveals resveratrol butyrate Ester's multimechanistic role in reducing and cardiovascular risk γ–Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate
Butyrobetaine is a pro atherogenic intermediate in gut microbial metabolism of L carnitine to TMAO PMC TMAO metaorganismal pathway and chronic inflammatory diseases Meat metabolizing bacteria in atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Gut microbiota derived metabolite trimethylamine N oxide in major adverse cardiovascular events: Mechanisms, risk assessment, and therapeutic strategies JCI l Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans TMAO: how gut microbiota contributes to heart failure Translational Research
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