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According to the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), about 58.1 million people age 12 and older were current smokers

The largest percentage of deaths is due to lung cancer

Nicotine dependence is a specific form of substance use disorder recognized in medical literature

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Some 50 percent of women with PPT, however, may experience a period of hypothyroidism for a year or more, and there is a higher risk for them to develop permanent thyroid disease over time

While no control variable was used in the female cancer mortality estimation, the use of first-differenced data over as long as a period over 60 years and of controls for serial correlation can partially control for trends in unmeasured confounders, and factors that cannot be measured in our models are also likely to be captured by the model residuals