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Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke PMC Smoking and emphysema: the stress connection Nature Medicine The Role of Smoking in the Mechanisms of Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Atherosclerosis How cigarette smoke skews immune responses to promote infection, lung disease and cancer Nature Reviews Immunology The symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include difficulty breathing, coughing, mucus production (sputum), and wheezing. Most cases are directly linked to tobacco smoking, so the best way to prevent COPD Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis: Updates and Perspectives
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