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Further research is needed to quantify these effects for specific diseases, but this study shows that commonly used measures may give rise to disparities in access to lifesaving interventions. Holford found that while African Americans are less likely than whites to start smoking in their late teen years when most smoking habits start they are also less likely than whites to quit as they get older

Multivar Behav Res

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They include the University of Tennessee's Robert Norrell who studies race and the American South

Even with this policy, a recent investigation of pricing differences between 145 matched Walmart stores and Military Exchanges found that the average retail price at an Exchange was 25.4% lower (Jahnke et al

Long-term studies with appropriate biomarkers and lung function tests would be needed to see if switching from combustible cigarettes to HTPs reduces damage and the number of exacerbations in people with COPD