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Vinpocetine, a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine, attenuated Mn-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats ( Edaravone (Radicava), an FDA-approved drug for treating stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ( In addition to its chelating properties on Mn, PAS exerted protective effects against Mn-induced neurodegeneration by enhancing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-excitotoxicity, and antiapoptotic effects in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models (Zheng et al., 2009

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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(37):1455314558 Sormani MP, Muraro PA, Schiavetti I, Signori A, Laroni A, Saccardi R, Mancardi GL (2017) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

This is further supported by the finding that SOD activity is increased during active disease and returns to normal in remission (157).Additionally, the presence of oxidative damage and the inhibition of catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, in CD patients immune cells further underscores oxidative stresss role in the disease (158)

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