FIGURE 4 To address the differences in centrifugal force, duration, rotor type, washing steps, and subsequent purification procedures among different laboratories, the Basic Information for Extracellular Vesicle Research (MISEV) guidelines formulated by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) provide an important standardized framework ( In neurological diseases, exosomes, due to their low immunogenicity, excellent biological barrier penetration ability, and rich bioactive molecules contained, exhibit unique therapeutic potential ( 3 The source of exosomes in SCI 3.1 Mesenchymal stem cell 3.1.1 Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from bone marrow, known for their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes ( 3.1.1.1 Promote nerve repair and regeneration BMSC-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos) form a robust neural repair network through multi-target and multi-pathway interactions ( + CD56 + BMSCs-Exos, carry molecules like miR-431-3p, which relieve the inhibitory effects of axon growth suppressors such as repulsive guidance molecule family member A (RGMA), thereby promoting axon elongation and branching ( 3.1.1.2 Regulate inflammation and immune responses BMSCs-Exos precisely regulate innate immune cells and key inflammatory pathways within the central nervous system (CNS), effectively counteracting the detrimental inflammatory microenvironment following SCI ( TABLE 1 The mechanism of exosomes derived BMSCs regarding SCI
Figure 1 outlines the stages and response rates arranged by B12 levels
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Deletion of a MoSOD gene involved in neutralizing plant-derived ROS disturbs rice defense suppression (Fernandez et al
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